Px4 commands, Modules & Commands Reference. The following pages document the PX4 modules, drivers and commands. They describe the provided functionality, high-level implementation overview and how to use the command-line interface. This is auto-generated from the source code and contains the most recent modules documentation. Hi Michael, It looks like everything else we need for the PX4 is now in Mission Planner, but we also need the special (dual port) Windows USB driver. If that could be directly loaded (and possibly even installed) directly from the Missio. PX4 is an open source flight control software for drones and other unmanned vehicles. The project provides a flexible set of tools for drone developers to share technologies to create tailored solutions for drone applications. PX4 is hosted by Dronecode, a Linux Foundation non-profit.

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Simulators allow PX4 flight code to control a computer modeled vehicle in a simulated 'world'.You can interact with this vehicle just as you might with a real vehicle, using QGroundControl, an offboard API, or a radio controller/gamepad.

Simulation is a quick, easy, and most importantly, safe way to test changes to PX4 code before attempting to fly in the real world. It is also a good way to start flying with PX4 when you haven't yet got a vehicle to experiment with.

PX4 supports both Software In the Loop (SITL) simulation, where the flight stack runs on computer (either the same computer or another computer on the same network) and Hardware In the Loop (HITL) simulation using a simulation firmware on a real flight controller board.

Information about available simulators and how to set them up are provided in the next section.The other sections provide general information about how the simulator works, and are not required to use the simulators.

Supported Simulators

The following simulators work with PX4 for HITL and/or SITL simulation.

Instructions for how to setup and use the simulators are in the topics linked above.

The remainder of this topic is a 'somewhat generic' description of how the simulation infrastructure works. It is not required to use the simulators.

Simulator MAVLink API

All simulators communicate with PX4 using the Simulator MAVLink API.This API defines a set of MAVLink messages that supply sensor data from the simulated world to PX4 and return motor and actuator values from the flight code that will be applied to the simulated vehicle.The image below shows the message flow.

A SITL build of PX4 uses simulator_mavlink.cpp to handle these messages while a hardware build in HIL mode uses mavlink_receiver.cpp. Sensor data from the simulator is written to PX4 uORB topics. All motors / actuators are blocked, but internal software is fully operational.

The messages are described below (see links for specific detail).

Default PX4 MAVLink UDP Ports

By default, PX4 uses commonly established UDP ports for MAVLink communication with ground control stations (e.g. QGroundControl), Offboard APIs (e.g. MAVSDK, MAVROS) and simulator APIs (e.g. Gazebo).These ports are:

• UDP Port 14540 is used for communication with offboard APIs.Offboard APIs are expected to listen for connections on this port.
• UDP Port 14550 is used for communication with ground control stations.GCS are expected to listen for connections on this port. QGroundControl listens to this port by default.
• The simulator's local TCP Port 4560 is used for communication with PX4.PX4 listens to this port, and simulators are expected to initiate the communication by broadcasting data to this port.

The ports for the GCS and offboard APIs are set in configuration files, while the simulator broadcast port is hard-coded in the simulation MAVLink module.

SITL Simulation Environment

The diagram below shows a typical SITL simulation environment for any of the supported simulators.The different parts of the system connect via UDP, and can be run on either the same computer or another computer on the same network.

• PX4 uses a simulation-specific module to connect to the simulator's local TCP port 4560.Simulators then exchange information with PX4 using the Simulator MAVLink API described above.PX4 on SITL and the simulator can run on either the same computer or different computers on the same network.
• PX4 uses the normal MAVLink module to connect to ground stations (which listen on port 14550) and external developer APIs like MAVSDK or ROS (which listen on port 14540).
• A serial connection is used to connect Joystick/Gamepad hardware via QGroundControl.

If you use the normal build system SITL make configuration targets (see next section) then both SITL and the Simulator will be launched on the same computer and the ports above will automatically be configured.You can configure additional MAVLink UDP connections and otherwise modify the simulation environment in the build configuration and initialisation files.

Starting/Building SITL Simulation

The build system makes it very easy to build and start PX4 on SITL, launch a simulator, and connect them.The syntax (simplified) looks like this:

where simulator is gazebo, jmavsim or some other simulator, and vehicle-model is a particular vehicle type supported by that simulator (jMAVSim only supports multicopters, while Gazebo supports many different types).

A number of examples are shown below, and there are many more in the individual pages for each of the simulators:

The simulation can be further configured via environment variables:

• PX4_ESTIMATOR: This variable configures which estimator to use.Possible options are: ekf2 (default), lpe (deprecated).It can be set via export PX4_ESTIMATOR=lpe before running the simulation.

The syntax described here is simplified, and there are many other options that you can configure via make - for example, to set that you wish to connect to an IDE or debugger.For more information see: Building the Code > PX4 Make Build Targets.

Run Simulation Faster than Realtime

SITL can be run faster or slower than realtime when using jMAVSim or Gazebo.

The speed factor is set using the environment variable PX4_SIM_SPEED_FACTOR.For example, to run the jMAVSim simulation at 2 times the real time speed:

To run at half real-time:

You can apply the factor to all SITL runs in the current session using EXPORT:

At some point IO or CPU will limit the speed that is possible on your machine and it will be slowed down 'automatically'.Powerful desktop machines can usually run the simulation at around 6-10x, for notebooks the achieved rates can be around 3-4x.

To avoid PX4 detecting data link timeouts, increase the value of param COM_DL_LOSS_T proportional to the simulation rate. For example, if COM_DL_LOSS_T is 10 in realtime, at 10x simulation rate increase to 100.

Lockstep Simulation

PX4 SITL and the simulators (jMAVSim or Gazebo) have been set up to run in lockstep.What this means is that PX4 and the simulator wait on each other for sensor and actuator messages, rather than running at their own speeds.

Lockstep makes it possible to run the simulation faster or slower than realtime, and also to pause it in order to step through code.

The sequence of steps for lockstep are:

1. The simulation sends a sensor message HIL_SENSOR including a timestamp time_usec to update the sensor state and time of PX4.
2. PX4 receives this and does one iteration of state estimation, controls, etc. and eventually sends an actuator message HIL_ACTUATOR_CONTROLS.
3. The simulation waits until it receives the actuator/motor message, then simulates the physics and calculates the next sensor message to send to PX4 again.

The system starts with a 'freewheeling' period where the simulation sends sensor messages including time and therefore runs PX4 until it has initialized and responds with an actautor message.

Disable Lockstep Simulation

The lockstep simulation can be disabled if, for example, SITL is to be used with a simulator that does not support this feature. In this case the simulator and PX4 use the host system time and do not wait on each other.

To disable lockstep in PX4, use set(ENABLE_LOCKSTEP_SCHEDULER no) in the SITL board config.

To disable lockstep in Gazebo, edit the model SDF file and set <enable_lockstep>false</enable_lockstep> (or for Iris edit the xacro file.

To disable lockstep in jMAVSim, remove -l in jmavsim_run.sh, or make sure otherwise that the java binary is started without the -lockstep flag.

Startup Scripts

Scripts are used to control which parameter settings to use or which modules to start.They are located in the ROMFS/px4fmu_common/init.d-posix directory, the rcS file is the main entry point. See System Startup for more information.

HITL Simulation Environment

With Hardware-in-the-Loop (HITL) simulation the normal PX4 firmware is run on real hardware.The HITL Simulation Environment in documented in: HITL Simulation.

Joystick/Gamepad Integration

QGroundControl desktop versions can connect to a USB Joystick/Gamepad and send its movement commands and button presses to PX4 over MAVLink. This works on both SITL and HITL simulations, and allows you to directly control the simulated vehicle.If you don't have a joystick you can alternatively control the vehicle using QGroundControl's onscreen virtual thumbsticks.

For setup information see the QGroundControl User Guide:

Camera Simulation

PX4 supports capture of both still images and video from within the Gazebo simulated environment.This can be enabled/set up as described in Gazebo > Video Streaming.

The simulated camera is a gazebo plugin that implements the MAVLink Camera Protocol. PX4 connects/integrates with this camera in exactly the same way as it would with any other MAVLink camera:

1. TRIG_INTERFACE must be set to 3 to configure the camera trigger driver for use with a MAVLink camera

   In this mode the driver just sends a CAMERA_TRIGGER message whenever an image capture is requested. For more information see Camera.

2. PX4 must forward all camera commands between the GCS and the (simulator) MAVLink Camera.You can do this by starting MAVLink with the -f flag as shown, specifying the UDP ports for the new connection.

   More than just the camera MAVLink messages will be forwarded, but the camera will ignore those that it doesn't consider relevant.

The same approach can be used by other simulators to implement camera support.

Running Simulation on a Remote Server

It is possible to run the simulator on one computer, and access it from another computer on the same network (or on another network with appropriate routing).This might be useful, for example, if you want to test a drone application running on real companion computer hardware running against a simulated vehicle.

This does not work 'out of the box' because PX4 does not route packets to external interfaces by default (in order to avoid spamming the network and different simulations interfering with each other).Instead it routes traffic internally - to 'localhost'.

There are a number of ways to make the UDP packets available on external interfaces, as outlined below.

Enable MAV_BROADCAST

Enable MAV_BROADCAST to broadcast heartbeats on the local network.

A remote computer can then connect to the simulator by listening to the appropriate port (i.e. 14550 for QGroundControl).

Use MAVLink Router

The mavlink-router can be used to route packets from localhost to an external interface.

To route packets between SITL running on one computer (sending MAVLink traffic to localhost on UDP port 14550), and QGC running on another computer (e.g. at address 10.73.41.30) you could:

• Start mavlink-router with the following command:

• Use a mavlink-router conf file.

More information about mavlink-router configuration can be found here.

Modify Configuration for External Broadcasting

The mavlink module routes to localhost by default, but you can specify an external IP address to broadcast to using its -t option.

This should be done in various configuration files where mavlink start is called.For example: /ROMFS/px4fmu_common/init.d-posix/rcS.

SSH Tunneling

SSH tunneling is a flexible option because the simulation computer and the system using it need not be on the same network.

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You might similarly use VPN to provide a tunnel to an external interface (on the same network or another network).

One way to create the tunnel is to use SSH tunneling options.The tunnel itself can be created by running the following command on localhost, where remote.local is the name of a remote computer:

The UDP packets need to be translated to TCP packets so they can be routed over SSH.The netcat utility can be used on both sides of the tunnel - first to convert packets from UDP to TCP, and then back to UDP at the other end.

QGC must be running before executing netcat.

On the QGroundControl computer, UDP packet translation may be implemented by running following commands:

On the simulator side of the SSH tunnel, the command is:

The port number 14550 is valid for connecting to QGroundControl or another GCS, but should be adjusted for other endpoints (e.g. developer APIs etc.).

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The tunnel may in theory run indefinitely, but netcat connections may need to be restarted if there is a problem.

The QGC_remote_connect.bash script can be run on the QGC computer to automatically setup/run the above instructions.The simulation must already be running on the remote server, and you must be able to SSH into that server.